Static electricity may be built up by the?

Static electricity can be built up in various ways during the handling and transport of petroleum products. The correct answer indicates that all the listed options contribute to the generation of static electricity.

The settling of solids or water in petroleum can create friction, leading to the accumulation of static charges. This is particularly relevant in storage tanks or while transferring petroleum materials where particulates are present.

The flow of petroleum through pipes is a significant contributor to static electricity buildup. As the liquid moves at high velocity through the piping system, it can generate static charges through friction between the fluid molecules and the surfaces of the pipe.

Spraying or splashing of petroleum also generates static electricity. When liquid petroleum is atomized or splashed during transfer or handling, the movement and collision of droplets can cause friction, resulting in an electrostatic charge.

Thus, recognizing that all these processes can contribute to static electricity emphasizes the importance of proper grounding and bonding techniques in operations involving petroleum to mitigate the risk of ignition from static discharge.