What does the term "load on top" refer to on crude oil carriers?

The term "load on top" in the context of crude oil carriers specifically refers to the practice of loading new cargo into a decanted slop tank to minimize the potential for pollution. This is a critical operational procedure aimed at ensuring that slops—residual liquid cargo that cannot be pumped out completely—are effectively managed. When new cargo is loaded on top of the slops, it helps to reduce the amount of slop that may be discharged into the sea during the loading process, thus adhering to environmental regulations and promoting safe shipping practices.

This practice is particularly important because it addresses both safety and environmental concerns associated with oil spills and leaks during the process of cargo transfer. It reflects the industry's commitment to minimizing its ecological footprint while conducting operations.

The other choices pertain to different aspects of tank operations or ballast management, which are not related to the term "load on top." Understanding this term highlights the importance of responsible cargo handling techniques in the maritime oil transportation sector.