What factors affect the stability of a tanker during loading and unloading?

The stability of a tanker during loading and unloading is significantly influenced by cargo weight, distribution, and ballast levels.

When a tanker is loaded with cargo, the weight of that cargo affects the overall center of gravity (CG) of the ship. If the cargo is not evenly distributed, it can create an imbalance, potentially leading to listing or rolling. This distribution is crucial to maintain proper stability, as uneven weight can shift the CG significantly, impacting the vessel's handling and safety.

Ballast levels also play a vital role in stability. Ballast water is used to control the ship's weight distribution and to ensure that the vessel remains upright. Proper ballast management helps counterbalance the weight of the cargo and adjust the ship's draft, thereby aiding in maintaining stability during the loading and unloading processes. If ballast levels are too low, it can lead to instability and increase the risk of capsizing, especially when loading or unloading operations cause sudden changes in weight distribution.

While factors such as weather conditions and crew training are important for overall safety and operational effectiveness, they do not directly influence the inherent stability related to loading and unloading. The type of cargo and port regulations may affect procedure compliance and operational guidelines, but they are not primary factors in determining the stability of the