What is a potential consequence of not maintaining sufficient ullage?

Maintaining sufficient ullage, which refers to the empty space left in a tank to accommodate liquid expansion, is crucial for safety in tanker operations. If ullage is not maintained, one serious consequence is the increased risk of explosion. This risk arises from the flammability of the vapors that can accumulate when liquid cargo occupies too much space in the tank. Proper ullage allows for gas vapor expansion and prevents pressure buildup which, if uncontrolled, can lead to a catastrophic failure or explosion.

In contrast, while slower loading processes and reduced cargo capacity might occur due to improper ullage management, they are not as critical or immediate dangers as the risk of explosion. Increased operational efficiency would not be a concern when ullage is inadequate; in fact, it would likely lead to more challenges and hazardous situations during operations. Thus, ensuring adequate ullage is a fundamental safety measure that directly affects the risk of explosive incidents.